Economics of Science - Revision history

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 == Main ==
 The more recent developments from the so-called ‘new economics of science’ (Dasgupta & David, 1994)<ref name="dasgupta_david_1994">Dasgupta, P. & David, P. A. (1994). Towards a New Economics of Science. ''Research Policy 23'', 487–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)01002-1</ref> are rooted in the need ‘for an enhanced understanding of the social structures of scientific research to carry out an informed discussion of critical issues regarding economics’ (Sent, 1999, p. 103)<ref name="sent_1999">Sent, E.-M. (1999). Economics of Science: Survey and Suggestions. ''Journal of Economic Methodology 6(1)'', 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501789900000005</ref>.
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 == Empirical Applications ==
 In a number of studies, research productivity is studied over the life cycle (Stephan, 2013<ref name="stephan_2013">Stephan, P. (2013). The Economics of the Postdoctoral Position.</ref> for a review; Stephan & Levin, 1997<ref name="stephan_levin_1997">Stephan, P. E. & Levin, S.G. (1997). The Critical Importance of Careers in Collaborative Scientific Research. ''Revue d’économie industrielle 79(1)'', 45–61. Retrieved from http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rei_0154-3229_1997_num_79_1_1652</ref>). Overall, productivity either declines with age or increases initially with age before declining – with the differences apparently due to scientific field specific conditions (Stephan & Levin, 1997)<ref name="stephan_levin_1997" />.
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 === [[Opportunity Structures|Opportunity Structures]] ===
-Opportunity structures describe the relationship with demand and supply in the labor market independently of the assessment through the individual. There are numerous exemplary hypothesis for the effect of opportunity structures on careers and productivity in science. For example, economic circumstances and social change impact on the demand for research and knowledge, national security challenges, economic competition, public health needs, environmental deterioration bring new opportunities for careers (Sent, 1999<ref name="sent_1999" />). Levels of competition and inequality affect the overall appeal of careers in science by altering entry rate and exit rate (Petersen & Penner, 2014<ref name="petersen_penner_2014">Petersen, A. M. & Penner, O. (2014). Inequality and Cumulative Advantage in Science Careers: A Case Study of High-Impact Journals. ''EPJ Data Science 3 (24)''.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0024-y</ref>). Historical waves of hiring and non-hiring impact following cohorts, changes in the patterns or volumes of hiring impact performance (Lissoni et al., 2011<ref name="lissoni_et_al_2011">Lissoni, F., Mairesse, J., Montobbioy, F. & Pezzoniz, M. (2011). Scientific Productivity and Academic Promotion: A Study on French and Italian Physicists. ''Industrial and Corporate Change 20(1)'', 253–294. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16341</ref>). Another example are cohort effects: changing labor market conditions at the time of enrolment and ending of the PhD may affect preferences (Sauermann & Roach, 2012<ref name="sauermann_roach_2012" />).
+Opportunity structures describe the relationship with demand and supply in the labor market independently of the assessment through the individual. There are numerous exemplary hypothesis for the effect of opportunity structures on careers and productivity in science. For example, economic circumstances and social change impact on the demand for research and knowledge, national security challenges, economic competition, public health needs, environmental deterioration bring new opportunities for careers (Sent, 1999<ref name="sent_1999" />). Levels of competition and inequality affect the overall appeal of careers in science by altering entry rate and exit rate (Petersen & Penner, 2014<ref name="petersen_penner_2014">Petersen, A. M. & Penner, O. (2014). Inequality and Cumulative Advantage in Science Careers: A Case Study of High-Impact Journals. ''EPJ Data Science 3 (24)''.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0024-y</ref>). Historical waves of hiring and non-hiring impact following cohorts, changes in the patterns or volumes of hiring impact performance (Lissoni et al., 2011<ref name="lissoni_et_al_2011">Lissoni, F., Mairesse, J., Montobbioy, F. & Pezzoni, M. (2011). Scientific Productivity and Academic Promotion: A Study on French and Italian Physicists. ''Industrial and Corporate Change 20(1)'', 253–294. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16341</ref>). Another example are cohort effects: changing labor market conditions at the time of enrolment and ending of the PhD may affect preferences (Sauermann & Roach, 2012<ref name="sauermann_roach_2012" />).
 == Sources ==

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 Social capital here describes networks related to power and political exchange. Social capital ties with senior disciplinary figures who control selection procedures is associated with career advance in Italy (Pezzoni et al., 2012<ref name="pezzoni_et_al_2012" />). In France social capital ties with colleagues in prestigious PSOs is associated with career advance (Pezzoni et al., 2012<ref name="pezzoni_et_al_2012" />).
-=== Seniority ===
+=== [[Work Experience|Seniority]] ===
 Seniority describes relevant career experience and is positively associated with career advance (Pezzoni et al., 2012<ref name="pezzoni_et_al_2012" />).