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{{DISPLAYTITLE:German Doctoral Candidates and Doctorate Holders Study ProFile|noreplace}}
== Description ==
Profile was a longitudinal study focusing on the situation of doctoral candidates and their postdoctoral professional careers. The sample consists of doctoral candidates at universities and funding organizations in Germany. The study started with the first survey in 2009 and finished in 2017. Overall, more than 10,000 doctoral candidates and 3,000 doctorate holders from all scientific fields are available for analysis. The questionnaire covers a number of topics including supervision, financing of the doctorate, mobility, courses attended, personality traits, occupational preferences and job placement after conferral of the doctorate among many more. The successor study of ProFile is [http://nacaps.de Nacaps].

ProFile was initiated by the Institute for Research Information and Quality Assurance (Institut für Forschungsinformation und Qualitätssicherung, iFQ) which is now part of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (Deutsches Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung, DZHW).

ProFile applies decision-making as well as goal/intention frameworks for studying careers.

== Meta-Data {{#simple-tooltip-info: [meta_data_study] }} ==
{| class="wikitable
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Study Title (long)||The German Doctoral Candidates and Doctorate Holders Study ProFile
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Study Title (short)||ProFile
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Coordinating Institution||iFQ/ DZHW
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Creator||Kalle Hauss, [http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-9857 Stefan Hornbostel], [http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-7013 Marc Kaulisch]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Contributor||Jens Ambrasat, Anna Fräßdorf, Kalle Hauss, [http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-9857 Stefan Hornbostel], [http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-7013 Marc Kaulisch], Janine Lange<br>Almuth Lietz, Anja Oppermann, [http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-5919 Jakob Tesch], Jeannette Winkelhage, Manuela Zinnbauer
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Sponsor||DFG, BMBF, Budget
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Type||Multi-Cohort Panel
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Description of Observations||Doctoral Students, Doctorate Holders (holders of ISCED6 research qualification), Drop Outs from Doctoral Training at universities in Germany
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Waves||17
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Duration||2009-2017
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Country {{#simple-tooltip-info: property: study country }}||[[study country::Germany]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|URL||[http://www.promovierendenpanel.de www.promovierendenpanel.de www.promovierendenpanel.de www.promovierendenpanel.de]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Documentation||[http://risis.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ProFile_Data_Documentation.pdf http://risis.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ProFile_Data_Documentation.pdf]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Publisher||[http://risis.eu/ http://risis.eu/]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Keywords {{#simple-tooltip-info: property: study keyword }}||[[study keyword::Research Careers| ]][[Research_Career_Stages|Research Careers]]<br>[[study keyword::Young researchers| ]][[Measurement_Concepts|Young researchers]]<br>[[study keyword::Occupational Preferences| ]][[Occupational_preferences|Occupational Preferences]]<br>[[study keyword::Personality Traits| ]][[Measurement_Concepts|Personality Traits]]
|-
|}

== Documentation ==
A documentation of the study can be found [http://risis.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ProFile_Data_Documentation.pdf here].

In addition, the article published in the Data Observer (Lange, Lietz, Ambrasat, Tesch, & Wegner, 2016<ref name="lange_et_al_2016">Lange, J., Lietz, A., Ambrasat, J., Tesch, J., & Wegner, A. (2016). The German Doctoral Candidates and Doctorate Holders Study ProFile. ''Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik / Journal of Economics and Statistics 4'', 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-1037</ref>) describes the study.

== Data Collection Rounds {{#simple-tooltip-info: [waves] }} ==
The study foresees three surveys, which are conducted by the DZHW: the Initial Survey, the Evaluation Survey and the Follow-Up Survey. Participants are invited through a personalized link to the online questionnaire via a bilingual email with English and German being the available survey languages.

The Initial Survey (carried out between 2009-2016) targets doctoral candidates who participate in ProFile for the first time. The yearly Evaluation Survey (carried out between 2010-2016) focuses on persons, who already participated in ProFile and stated that they are still doctoral candidates in the previous Evaluation or Initial Survey or those who completed their doctoral training in the meantime. The Follow-Up Survey (carried out between 2015-2017) targets doctorate holders who participated in ProFile at least once and completed their doctoral candidacy.<sup style="font-size:9pt">[[ProFile#Notes|1]]</sup>

In total, 18 surveys are available and can be combined to study individual trajectories, study cohort effects or one-time snap shots.
{{:List of Surveys}}

== Analytic Potential ==
Currently, ProFile is the only survey that covers all disciplines<sup style="font-size:9pt">[[ProFile#Notes|2]]</sup>, different types of doctorates (e.g. PhD by published work and taught doctorates) and at the same time spans different universities and funding organizations. ProFile data include persons working on their degree while being employed at a university, being financed by a scholarship or through external (or no) jobs. With regard to postdoctoral employment, transitions into all kinds of employments were observed. Although the majority of respondents after the doctorate reach R2 as their highest career stage, few respondents at R3 and R4 are included in the data set as well. The ProFile data can also be linked with data from the [http://datasets.risis.eu/metadata/eter European Tertiary Education Register (ETER)] or the [http://datasets.risis.eu/metadata/leiden_ranking Leiden Ranking] on the level of the degree granting institutions and disciplines.

== Results ==
Important results of the project show that training conditions affect career intentions to a large extent (Hauss, Kaulisch & Tesch, 2015<ref name="hauss_kaulisch_tesch">Hauss, K., Kaulisch, M. & Tesch, J. (2015). Against All Odds: Determinants of Doctoral Candidates’ Intention to Enter Academia in Germany. ''International Journal for Researcher Development 6(2)'', 122-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRD-07-2014-0015</ref>). Moreover, the introduction of structured doctoral training has affected the training conditions in general (Hauss et al., 2012<ref name="hauss_et_al_2012">Hauss, K., Kaulisch, M., Zinnbauer, M., Tesch, J., Fräßdorf, A., Hinze, S. & Hornbostel, S. (2012). Promovierende Im Profil: Wege, Strukturen Und Rahmenbedingungen von Promotionen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse aus dem Profile-Promovierendenpanel. (13). Retrieved from http://vg06.met.vgwort.de/na/79b34af8a7094e9b947a2546d6bb7aac?l=http://www.forschungsinfo.de/Publikationen/Download/working_paper_13_2012.pdf</ref>; Ambrasat & Tesch, 2017<ref name="ambrasat_tesch_2017">Ambrasat, J. & Tesch, J. (2017). Structured Diversity – How structured programs change doctoral education in Germany. ''Research Evaluation, 4'', 292-301. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvx024</ref>). Furthermore, the ProFile data were used to investigate the role and identity cultures of doctoral candidates in Germany (Kaulisch & Hauss, 2012<ref name="kaulisch_hauss_2012">Kaulisch, M. & Hauss, K. (2012). Cultures of doctoral education in Germany: Beyond disciplines and disciplinary groupings? In M. Vukasovic, P. Maassen, M. Nerland, R. Pinheiro, B. Stensaker, A. Vabø (Eds.), ''Effects of Higher Education Reforms: Change Dynamics. Issues in Higher Education, 4''. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 43–58.</ref>), the potentials of an empirical foundation of counselling services for future doctoral candidates (Fräßdorf & Hornbostel, 2012<ref name="fraessdorf_hornbostel_2012">Fräßdorf, A. & Hornbostel, S. (2012). Potentiale einer empirischen Fundierung von Beratungsangeboten für (zukünftige) Promovierende. ''Zeitschrift für Beratung und Studium (ZBS) 2/2012'', 34–37.</ref>), the financing and employment situations of doctoral candidates (Fräßdorf, Kaulisch & Hornbostel, 2012<ref name="fraessdorf_kaulisch_hornbostel_2012">Fräßdorf, A., Kaulisch, M. & Hornbostel, S. (2012). Armut und Ausbeutung? Die Finanzierungs- und Beschäftigungssituation von Promovierenden. ''Forschung & Lehre 8/2012'', 622–624.</ref>), the specific situation of the doctoral candidates in law (Tesch, 2015<ref name="tesch_2015">Tesch, J. (2015). Promovieren in der Rechtswissenschaft – Bedingungen und Strukturen im Vergleich zu anderen Disziplinen. In Brockmann, J., A. Pilniok, H.-H. Trute, E. Westermann (Ed.), ''Promovieren in der Rechtswissenschaft'', Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 40–57.</ref>), and to describe the research doctorate (Hornbostel & Tesch, 2014<ref name="hornbostel_tesch_2014">Hornbostel, S. & Tesch, J. (2014). Die Forschungspromotion. Entwicklungstrends in Deutschland. ''Forschung & Lehre  8/14'', 606–608.</ref>). With a view to structured doctoral programs inherent expectations (Hauss & Zinnbauer, 2011<ref name="hauss_zinnbauer_2011">Hauss, K. & Zinnbauer, M. (2011). Hinter den Erwartungen. ''DUZ Magazin 05/11'', 20–21.</ref>), the supervision situation (Hauss & Kaulisch, 2012<ref name="hauss_kaulisch_2012">Hauss, K. & Kaulisch, M. (2012). Alte und neue Promotionswege im Vergleich. Die Betreuungssituation aus der Perspektive der Promovierenden in Deutschland. In Huber, N., A. Schelling, S. Hornbostel (Eds.), Der Doktortitel zwischen Status und Qualifikation. ''iFQ-Working Paper No. 12''. Berlin, 173–186.</ref>; Briedis et al., 2013<ref name="briedis_et_al_2013">Briedis, K., Jaksztat, S., Kaulisch, M., Tesch, J. & Zinnbauer, M. (2013), A3.2.2 Betreuungssituation Promovierender in strukturierten und nicht strukturierten Promotionskontexten. In Bundesbericht Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs 2013. Statistische Daten und Forschungsbefunde zu Promovierenden und Promovierten in Deutschland. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag, 231–238.</ref>) and the promotion of equal opportunities (Kaulisch, 2011<ref name="kaulisch_2011">Kaulisch, M. (2011). Förderung der Gleichstellung durch Doktorandenprogramme. Ende einer Illusion? In A. Löther (Ed.), Arbeitsplatz Hochschule. Dokumentation der 22. Jahrestagung. 20.–22. September 2010. Trier. Bonn: Bundeskonferenz der Frauenbeauftragten und Gleichstellungsbeauftragten an Hochschulen e.V., 31–39.</ref>) were analyzed.

== Notes ==
<span style="font-size:9pt"><sup>1</sup> The Follow-Up Survey in 2015 questioned doctorate holders who had indicated the completion of their doctoral candidacy in any Initial or Evaluation Survey between 2009 and 2014, meaning that the award of the doctorate can date back several years. The Follow-Up Survey in 2016 additionally questioned doctorate holders who reported their conferral of the doctorate in the Evaluation Survey 2014 or Initial Survey 2015 but had not participated in the Follow-Up Survey 2015.</span>

<span style="font-size:9pt"><sup>2</sup> Doctoral candidates from medical faculties are not included in the ProFile sample. This is in line with concerns that an unknown number of German doctoral degrees in Medicine may not be equivalent to an ISCED-8 degree and instead more closely resembles an ISCED-7 degree (Wissenschaftsrat 2002: 11). However, neighboring disciplines to Medicine are included in the ProFile sample (e.g. Human Biology, Health Sciences). The discipline contained in the data is based on an open answer in the survey. In case someone indicates to work on a medicine related topic this person receives the respective coding for Medicine.</span>

== Sources ==
<references/>

[[Category:Studies]]
[[Category:ambrasat_tesch_2017]]
[[Category:briedis_et_al_2013]]
[[Category:fraessdorf_hornbostel_2012]]
[[Category:fraessdorf_kaulisch_hornbostel_2012]]
[[Category:hauss_kaulisch_2012]]
[[Category:hauss_kaulisch_tesch_2015]]
[[Category:hauss_et_al_2012]]
[[Category:hauss_zinnbauer_2011]]
[[Category:hornbostel_tesch_2014]]
[[Category:kaulisch_2011]]
[[Category:kaulisch_hauss_2012]]
[[Category:lange_et_al_2016]]
[[Category:tesch_2015]]